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On the beginning of the institucionalization of Czech linguistic research
Dvořáčková, Věra
In 2011, Ústav pro jazyk český AV ČR (the Institute of the Czech Language) was celebrating the 100th anniversary of the foundation of its direct predecessor, Kancelář Slovníku jazyka českého (the Office of the Dictionary of the Czech Language) which provided the administrative background for an ambitious lexicographic project launched already in 1905 by the committee for lexicography and dialectology of the Czech Academy of Emperor Franz Joseph for sciences, literature and art, to become Česká Akademie věd a umění (Czech Academy of Sciences and Arts) in 1918. Altough much was done between the wars to establish a state-funded language institute, i.e. an institution, which would unify the research on language and systematically work with the national language, for financial reasons the Institute of the Czech Language was established only in 1946. This article aims to present some of the lesser known - or even unknown - facts related to the Office of the Dictionary of the Czech Language based on archival resources.
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On the exemplification of nouns in the Pralex Lexical Database
Koutová, Marta
The treatment of the individual database entries is focused principally on the exemplary part (exemplification), which in the Pralex LDB has a specifically defined structure (classification into exemplification subblocks) for each word class. With nouns, we have focused on a detailed description of the syntactic and semantic collocablity. What is important for us in the treatment is the selection of relevant corpus evidence, i.e. examples of the specific usage for the meanings pre-established in the Standard Czech Language (SSJČ), as well as capturing the evidence for new meanings not listed in that dictionary. We illustrate the nouns primarily by uncited evidence, i.e. exemplary collocations in the form of syntagmata, which represent the common collocations of the treated nouns; to a lesser extent we present also sentential citation evidence, i.e. with the citation of the source.
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The participial system of Czech and the position of the active past participle in -vš- in it
Giger, Markus
At the beginning of the 19th century in a new active past participle in -vš- was built in Czech according to the Russian model, in the circle of J. Jungmann before 1820. It was first mentioned in the grammar by František Novotný z Luže in 1818. After 1820 it was already quite usual, although its frequency was not very high. Compared to the situation today it was often built from imperfective verbs and it usually was syntactically extended. Nevertheless a glance at translations from Russian from this time shows that the translators were quickly aware of the fact that the imperfective active past participle can be replaced by a present participle when expressing contemporaneity and that many intransitive Czech verbs had already an active past participle in -l- that could be used instead of the new participle in -vš-. The emergence of the Czech active past participle in -vš- is an interesting case of intentional language contact in a bookish part of the system of the standard language.
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Language Norm and Possible (Empirical) Methods How to Investigate It
Beneš, Martin
In its first part, this paper postulates the need for empirical research in the field of the (Czech) theory of language cultivation. Following the paper written by J. Homoláč and I. Nebeská (2000) it is assumed (on the methodological level) that language users intuitively link linguistic means with the so-called stylistic indices, e.g. with certain characteristic that the language user sense based on the context in which the particular linguistic means are perceived as appropriate. In the second part, this paper outlines possible experimental methods that could be used for investigating the speakers' actual links between particular linguistic means and their stylistic indices. The main focus is the Implicit Association Test.
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Electronic processing and publication of Old Czech texts
Černá, Alena M. ; Lehečka, Boris
Electronic editions prepared in the Department of Language Development of the Institute of the Czech Language, Academy of Science of Czech Republic, v. v. i., are published in web sites Manuscriptorium and Vokabulář webový (in the Edition module and Old Czech text bank) and as electronic books in e-shop of the publishing house Academia. All electronic editions are prepared in Microsoft Word 2003 and are automatically exported to these outputs. There are two main output formats: XML TEI P5 standard and tagged text format for text bank; we use XSLT transformations and special software developed for this purposes.
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Daniel Adam of Veleslavín and his dictionaries
Černá, Alena M.
Daniel Adam of Veleslavín is one of the most significant figures in Czech cultural history and is included the school curriculum, yet there is minimal scholarly literature on his life and work. There are not even any existing modern editions of his dictionaries. In addition, information on these dictionaries is often incorrect, for example, the frequent claim that his quadrilingual dictionary Nomenclator quadrilinguis, Boemico-Latino-Graeco-Germanicus (Prague 1598) is merely another version of his earlier trilingual dictionary, published as Nomenclator omnium rerum propria nomina tribus linguis, Latina, Boiemica, Germanica explicata continens (Praha 1586), expanded to include the Greek language. This article provides convincing evidence that these are two independent and newly created works with differing templates. The older Nomenclator is based on the dictionary by the Dutch physician, historian and philologist Hadrian Junius, while the younger one is a reworked version of the dictionary by the German scholar Helfricus Emmelius. The two works vary immensely in both the macrostructure and microstructure of their entries. The Czech language sections of the two dictionaries also vary and it is apparent that Daniel Adam did not automatically adopt the newer dictionary of his original work, rather, he revised it, altered it slighlty and improved it overall.
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On the formation of the non-stem declension type píseň (focusing primarily on Old- and Middle-Czech periods)
Vajdlová, Miloslava
The new non-stem declension type píseň (earlier also dlaň, obec, etc.) has been established in the course of the Old-Czech period on the basis of three feminine groups: 1/ the i-stems ending with -sn, -zn, -z+C+n or -V+n (e.g. Old-Czech básn, piesn; bázn, kázn; prázdn; dan, dlan, sien, etc.); 2/ ja-stems with alternative nom./acc. ending with -ě/0 (Old-Czech ojě/oj, púščě/púšč, tvrzě/tvrz, etc.); 3/ ū-stems (Old-Czech břěskev, cierkev, húžev, etc.). The impact of the formal proximity of the ja- and i-stem nouns equal in gender (feminine), zero ending of nom. sg. and a number of identical case forms, has caused a new paradigm has been created gradually comprising endings of the ja-stem feminine declension and the i-stem feminine forms; following the change of ě > e, the ū-stems merge into these feminine nouns. Therefore, the new declension type can be considered as established towards 1500. Later, the type píseň has joined a number of i- and jo-stem masculine nouns (Old-Czech san, křěč, krádež, faleš, etc.) and some individual feminine nouns. The formation of the declension type píseň has been an age-long process and the transition of some nouns to it has been very slow. The key role in the process of transition has played the consonantal ending of nouns – the declension type píseň has formed, or gradually joined nouns ending with nasals, palato-alveolar fricatives, and labials above all.
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The Research Center for the Development of Old and Middle Czech from the Proto-Slavic Period to the Present
Šimek, Štěpán
The article describes history, structure and activities of the Research Centre for the Development of Old and Middle Czech from the Proto-Slavic Period to the Present. The Centre connects three important domestic scholarly institutions dealing with Czech Studies: the Department of Language Development and the Etymological Department of the Institute of the Czech Language, the Department of Czech Language, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University in Brno and the Department of Czech Studies at the Palacký University in Olomouc. Its aim is to coordinate the activities of these institutions and support researchers in the Czech Republic and abroad as well as students in their research activities. The six-year project has enabled more than 250 publications, including monographs, dictionaries, articles and dissertations, in addition to the organization of international conferences and career support for young scholars.
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